Based on the previous reports, some nanomaterials can improve resolution between peaks so the simultaneous determination of analytes with the same peak potential can be made possible. Additionally, these nanomaterials can improve the LR and LOD of electrochemical sensors.
The surface properties of nanomaterials including surface area,
roughness (as reaction sites), electron distributions, electrical and thermal conductivity, and energetics make nanomaterials a suitable candidate for use in electrochemical sensors because they can enhance electron transfer and interactions of the electrode surface and analytes (Bagheri, Shirzadmehr, Rezaei, & Khoshsafar, 2018; Karimi-Maleh et al.,
2022; Rezaei, 2016; Zeinali, Khoshsafar, Rezaei, & Bagheri, 2018).
Due to the wide variety and especial features, carbon-based nano- particles (CBN) have been used broadly in chemistry. A comparison between carbon atoms in the plane and edges in CBN shows that the reactivity of the edges of carbon atoms is more than at the plane. One of the ways to boost the chemical and physical properties of CBN and achieve new properties is to merge these materials with other NPs such as Metal NPs and Metal oxide NPs (Kant et al., 2022).
ZnO NPs is an n-type metal oxide semiconductors with high chemical
stability. In addition to ZnO’s high isoelectric point, acceptable elec- trochemical characteristics (electrical conductivity ~ 230 S cm 1), simple and inexpensive synthesis process, and nontoxicity, which make
it an ideal semiconductor material for a wide variety of applications (Kalpana & Devi Rajeswari, 2018). ZnO NPs can provide efficient me- chanical support and an electron-conducting pathway for the Manga- nese dioxide (MnO2) NPs deposited layer because of their chemical stability, mechanical flexibility, and conductivity. Owing to its high
specific capacitance (1370 F g 1), low cost, high specific area, high
isoelectric point, natural abundance, and environmental compatibility with good electrochemical activity, MnO2 NPs (p-type semiconductor; Narrow bandgap ~ 1.44 eV) is one of the most talented transition metal oxides for use in the electrical instruments and especially for use in electrochemical sensors (Xiaona Li, Jiang, Li, Li, & Li, 2022).
Since clinical analysis in a clinical laboratory with huge analytical instruments is costly and an exhausting process and it is also not possible to measure the analytes on-site, analytical chemistry scientists are trying to invent new methods with miniaturization and portability ability. As well as being sensitive and accurate, the methods must be capable of
