{"id":8775,"date":"2025-02-01T08:45:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-01T05:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/?p=8775"},"modified":"2025-02-01T08:59:54","modified_gmt":"2025-02-01T05:29:54","slug":"construction-of-electrochemical-sensor-modified-with-molecularly-imprinted-polymer-and-rgo-fe3o4-zno-nanocomposite-for-determination-of-bisphenol-a-in-polymers-and-water-samples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/construction-of-electrochemical-sensor-modified-with-molecularly-imprinted-polymer-and-rgo-fe3o4-zno-nanocomposite-for-determination-of-bisphenol-a-in-polymers-and-water-samples\/","title":{"rendered":"Construction of Electrochemical Sensor Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO Nanocomposite for Determination of Bisphenol A in Polymers and Water Samples"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-6 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner us_custom_9cf479d2 type_sticky\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-post-elm post_image stretched\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"490\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Untitled-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Untitled-1.png 490w, https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Untitled-1-300x163.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_col-sm-6 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 class=\"w-post-elm post_title us_custom_c4648a83 align_left entry-title color_link_inherit\">Construction of Electrochemical Sensor Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO Nanocomposite for Determination of Bisphenol A in Polymers and Water Samples<\/h2><div class=\"w-hwrapper us_custom_8b86dc01 valign_middle align_justify\"><div class=\"w-text\"><span class=\"w-text-h\"><span class=\"w-text-value\">Share this article:<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"w-sharing type_simple align_none color_default\"><div class=\"w-sharing-list\"><a class=\"w-sharing-item facebook\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8775&amp;quote=Construction of Electrochemical Sensor Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO Nanocomposite for Determination of Bisphenol A in Polymers and Water Samples\" title=\"Share this\" aria-label=\"Share this\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href, &quot;facebook&quot;, &quot;toolbar=0,width=900,height=500&quot;); return false;\"><i class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i><\/a><a class=\"w-sharing-item whatsapp\" href=\"https:\/\/web.whatsapp.com\/send?text=Construction of Electrochemical Sensor Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO Nanocomposite for Determination of Bisphenol A in Polymers and Water Samples https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8775\" title=\"Share this\" aria-label=\"Share this\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href, &quot;whatsapp&quot;, &quot;toolbar=0,width=900,height=500&quot;); return false;\"><i class=\"fab fa-whatsapp\"><\/i><\/a><a class=\"w-sharing-item telegram\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url=https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8775&amp;text=Construction of Electrochemical Sensor Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO Nanocomposite for Determination of Bisphenol A in Polymers and Water Samples\" title=\"Share this\" aria-label=\"Share this\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href, &quot;telegram&quot;, &quot;toolbar=no,width=600,height=450&quot;); return false;\"><i class=\"fab fa-telegram\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><div class=\"w-sharing-tooltip active\" style=\"display:none\" data-sharing-area=\"l-main\"><div  class=\"w-sharing-list\" data-sharing-url=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8775\"><a  class=\"w-sharing-item facebook\" title=\"Share this\" aria-label=\"Share this\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href, &quot;facebook&quot;, &quot;toolbar=0,width=900,height=500&quot;); return false;\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8775&amp;quote={{text}}\"><i class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i><\/a><a  class=\"w-sharing-item whatsapp\" title=\"Share this\" aria-label=\"Share this\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href, &quot;whatsapp&quot;, &quot;toolbar=0,width=900,height=500&quot;); return false;\" data-url=\"https:\/\/web.whatsapp.com\/send?text={{text}} https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8775\"><i class=\"fab fa-whatsapp\"><\/i><\/a><a  class=\"w-sharing-item telegram\" title=\"Share this\" aria-label=\"Share this\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href, &quot;telegram&quot;, &quot;toolbar=no,width=600,height=450&quot;); return false;\" data-url=\"https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url=https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8775&amp;text={{text}}\"><i class=\"fab fa-telegram\"><\/i><\/a><button class=\"w-sharing-item copy2clipboard\" title=\"Copy\" aria-label=\"Copy\"><i class=\"fas fa-copy\"><\/i><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_small\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column us_custom_e4bc1fd0\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><strong>A modified \u00a0molecularly \u00a0imprinted \u00a0polymer-carbon \u00a0paste electrode (CPE) with rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO \u00a0nanocomposite \u00a0was constructed \u00a0and used for the determination \u00a0of Bisphenol A (BPA) using differential pulse voltammetry \u00a0(DPV) technique. The rGO-Fe3O4-ZnOMIP\/CPE shows a sharp and well-defined \u00a0peak for the oxidation \u00a0of BPA at 648 mV in Britton-Robinson universal buffer solution \u00a0pH = 6.5. The presented \u00a0electrode \u00a0shows \u00a0a dynamic \u00a0range \u00a0of 0.008-15 \u00a0and 15-95 \u00a0\u03bcM \u00a0with \u00a0a low \u00a0detection \u00a0limit \u00a0of 0.004 \u00a0\u03bcM. The \u00a0repeatability, reproducibility, \u00a0and stability \u00a0of rGO-Fe3O4-ZnOMIP\/CPE were checked \u00a0and \u00a0the \u00a0obtained \u00a0data confirm \u00a0the excellent \u00a0properties \u00a0of the sensor. The selectivity of the presented method was investigated and the data show that Hydroquinone,\u00a0 Tert-butyl hydroquinone, \u00a0Catechol and Bisphenol S and common ions had no disturbance on the detection of BPA and the changing in peak current was below 5%. Finally, rGO-Fe3O4-ZnOMIP\/CPE was successfully\u00a0 applied for the determination \u00a0of BPA tap water, food storage container and cured vinyl ester resin samples with satisfactory results.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row us_custom_887a049b height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><strong>BPA imprinted monolithic pre-column to online solid-phase extraction\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0for\u00a0 \u00a0HPLC.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0They\u00a0 \u00a0determined\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0successfully phenolic \u00a0compounds \u00a0in \u00a0river \u00a0water \u00a0[7].\u00a0 Haginaka \u00a0<em>et \u00a0al<\/em>. develop \u00a0a \u00a0new \u00a0method \u00a0by \u00a0the \u00a0combination\u00a0\u00a0 of \u00a0isotope imprinting and LC-mass spectrometry for the determination of BPA and its \u00a0halogenated \u00a0derivatives \u00a0in river water [8]. Park <em>et al. \u00a0<\/em>extract\u00a0 BPA directly \u00a0and determine \u00a0it by gas chromatographic-mass \u00a0spectrometric method [9].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spectrophotometric Method<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Xu <em>et al<\/em>. applied a sensitive spectrophotometric method using a diazotization-coupling \u00a0reaction to the measurement of \u00a0BPA. \u00a0The \u00a0parameters\u00a0 \u00a0which \u00a0can\u00a0 \u00a0affect \u00a0the \u00a0signal such \u00a0as \u00a0reagent \u00a0concentration\u00a0 \u00a0and \u00a0pH \u00a0were \u00a0optimized. The \u00a0obtained \u00a0data \u00a0were \u00a0compared \u00a0with \u00a0HPLC, \u00a0and \u00a0the presented \u00a0method \u00a0was \u00a0applied \u00a0to \u00a0the \u00a0determination\u00a0 \u00a0of BPA in real samples include milk and water bottle samples [10]. Sun <em>et al. <\/em>present a new method base on fluorescence spectrophotometry\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0to\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0direct\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0measurement\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0BPA in \u00a0aqueous\u00a0 \u00a0solution\u00a0 \u00a0and\u00a0 \u00a0pH \u00a0= \u00a08\u00a0\u00a0 at \u00a0\u03bbex\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0=\u00a0 \u00a0266\u00a0 \u00a0and \u03bbem\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0= \u00a0304\u00a0 \u00a0nm \u00a0[11].\u00a0 \u00a0Kum\u00a0 \u00a0<em>et \u00a0al.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>developed\u00a0 \u00a0a \u00a0rapid spectrophotometric\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0detection\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0method\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0for\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0BPA\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0in environments\u00a0 \u00a0base \u00a0on \u00a0the \u00a0blue \u00a0color \u00a0formation \u00a0of \u00a0the BPA\/ferric chloride\/ferrocyanide complex [12].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Although\u00a0 \u00a0chromatographic\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0methods\u00a0 \u00a0are\u00a0 \u00a0commonly used \u00a0for \u00a0the \u00a0determination \u00a0of some \u00a0molecules like \u00a0BPA, some\u00a0 \u00a0features\u00a0 \u00a0such\u00a0 \u00a0as\u00a0 \u00a0time-consuming\u00a0 \u00a0analysis,\u00a0 \u00a0costly instrumentations, complex sample pretreatment process and dependence on the operator for spiking of the sample, led to developing new methods for measuring this molecule [13]. In\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0recent\u00a0 \u00a0decades,\u00a0 \u00a0sensor-based\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 methods\u00a0 \u00a0have\u00a0 \u00a0been developed \u00a0for \u00a0the \u00a0determination\u00a0 \u00a0of \u00a0molecules \u00a0and \u00a0ions. Among \u00a0these \u00a0methods, \u00a0the \u00a0electrochemical \u00a0sensors \u00a0have better\u00a0 \u00a0advantages\u00a0 \u00a0such\u00a0 \u00a0as\u00a0 \u00a0low-cost\u00a0 \u00a0instruments,\u00a0 \u00a0easy operation, reliable data, high accuracy, fast response, simple real sample pretreatment \u00a0[14-17]. \u00a0So, in this research, the new\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0electrochemical\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sensor\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0was\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0designed\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0for\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0the determination of the analyte.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nonspecific-binding,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0low\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0selectivity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0poor regeneration\u00a0 \u00a0are\u00a0 \u00a0the\u00a0 \u00a0problems\u00a0 \u00a0of \u00a0direct\u00a0 \u00a0measurement electrochemical methods [18]. There are some methods and materials \u00a0to \u00a0overcome \u00a0these \u00a0disadvantages. \u00a0Molecularly imprinted \u00a0polymers \u00a0(MIPs) \u00a0are \u00a0one \u00a0of the \u00a0best \u00a0artificial materials for preparing chemical sensors \u00a0methods \u00a0in \u00a0order<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>to increase \u00a0the \u00a0selectivity \u00a0and \u00a0specific-binding \u00a0[19]. \u00a0The high \u00a0physical\/chemical\u00a0 \u00a0and \u00a0mechanical \u00a0stability \u00a0such \u00a0as high pressure, \u00a0high temperature, \u00a0stability versus \u00a0acid\/base or organic solvents, low-cost preparation, \u00a0supreme binding affinity, and economic production are the specific properties of MIPs [19,20]. The electrochemical sensor base on MIPs can \u00a0determine \u00a0a \u00a0wide \u00a0variety \u00a0of \u00a0materials \u00a0include \u00a0food additives, metals ions, microbial cells, and drugs [21-26].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nowadays, \u00a0some \u00a0nanomaterials \u00a0such \u00a0as \u00a0carbon \u00a0base<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>NPs (<em>e.g<\/em>. graphene) \u00a0and metal oxide NPs (<em>e.g<\/em>. ZnO \u00a0and Fe3O4) \u00a0are \u00a0used \u00a0as \u00a0a \u00a0catalyst \u00a0for \u00a0improving \u00a0the \u00a0sensor performance\u00a0 \u00a0[27,28].\u00a0\u00a0 ZnO \u00a0NPs \u00a0as \u00a0an\u00a0 \u00a0environmentally friendly \u00a0semiconductor \u00a0(band-gap \u00a0~ \u00a03.37 \u00a0eV) \u00a0has \u00a0been applied \u00a0in \u00a0electrochemical \u00a0devices \u00a0because \u00a0of their \u00a0non- toxicity, \u00a0proper \u00a0sensing \u00a0behavior, \u00a0physical \u00a0and \u00a0chemical stability [29]. Fe3O4\u00a0\u00a0NPs as a superparamagnetic \u00a0material, due \u00a0to \u00a0biocompatibility,\u00a0 \u00a0low \u00a0toxicity, \u00a0catalytic \u00a0activity, large surface areas, and simple preparation commonly used in different industries and especially in sensing applications in \u00a0order \u00a0to \u00a0provide \u00a0a \u00a0maximum \u00a0signal \u00a0[30]. \u00a0Graphene nanosheet\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(Gr)\u00a0 \u00a0as\u00a0 \u00a0a\u00a0 \u00a0zero\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 band-gap\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0semiconductor has \u00a0unique\u00a0\u00a0 properties\u00a0 \u00a0include\u00a0 \u00a0large\u00a0 \u00a0surface\u00a0 \u00a0area, \u00a0and high\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0electrical\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0conductivity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0because\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0abundant electrochemically \u00a0desirable \u00a0edge carbons \u00a0per\u00a0 mass \u00a0of Gr which \u00a0comfort \u00a0electron \u00a0transfer \u00a0between \u00a0analytes \u00a0and the surface of the sensor by a low over-potential [31]. So, they are good candidates \u00a0for use in electrochemistry. \u00a0In recent years, \u00a0metal oxide loading \u00a0or doping \u00a0on Gr was used to promote the catalytic property of NPs due to the synergetic effect between NPs into nanocomposites [32].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>These unique properties have opened a new window of possibilities for developing new analytical methods. In this way, \u00a0an innovative \u00a0way to synthesize \u00a0novel \u00a0MIPs \u00a0is the incorporation\u00a0 \u00a0of \u00a0nanoparticles\u00a0 \u00a0into \u00a0their\u00a0 \u00a0structure.\u00a0\u00a0 The combination\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0 \u00a0these\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0two\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0materials\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(polymer\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0and nanoparticles\/nanocomposites)\u00a0 \u00a0gives\u00a0 \u00a0rise\u00a0 \u00a0to\u00a0 \u00a0a\u00a0 \u00a0hybrid material with potential and new properties. In general, MIPs are \u00a0classi\ufb01ed \u00a0into \u00a0two \u00a0types \u00a0according \u00a0to \u00a0whether \u00a0they are \u00a0obtained \u00a0as \u00a0a \u00a0single \u00a0continuous\u00a0 \u00a0and \u00a0porous \u00a0piece (molecularly-imprinted \u00a0monoliths, \u00a0MIMs) or as \u00a0individual nano\/microparticles\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(MIP\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0micro\/nanoparticles).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Some nanoparticles, \u00a0such \u00a0as \u00a0metal \u00a0oxide, \u00a0carbon \u00a0nanoparticles, or \u00a0molecular\u00a0 \u00a0sieves, \u00a0can \u00a0be \u00a0acted \u00a0as \u00a0main \u00a0monomers or sca\ufb00olds of the monolithic structure. \u00a0In \u00a0contrast, \u00a0in \u00a0the<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>synthesis \u00a0of MIP nanoparticles, \u00a0the role of \u00a0nanoparticles, generally, is to act as the core or support of the imprinted polymer \ufb01lm. On the other hand, nanoparticles can increase the surface of the sensor and also the electrochemical site of reaction, so the use of nanoparticles can improve the signal- to-noise ratio, the performance of the sensor, and sensitivity and\u00a0\u00a0 detection\u00a0 \u00a0limit \u00a0of \u00a0the \u00a0presented\u00a0 \u00a0electrode\u00a0 \u00a0to \u00a0the determination of BPA.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In this study, the use of the <a href=\"mailto:rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO@MIP\">rGO-Fe3O4-ZnO@MIP<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0as a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>sensing \u00a0layer, \u00a0which \u00a0was \u00a0mixed \u00a0with \u00a0the \u00a0carbon \u00a0paste matrix for the voltammetric determination of BPA in spiked and \u00a0real \u00a0samples \u00a0is \u00a0described.\u00a0 \u00a0Good\u00a0 \u00a0conductivity\u00a0 \u00a0and selectivity \u00a0of \u00a0the \u00a0proposed \u00a0sensor\u00a0 \u00a0on \u00a0BPA \u00a0were \u00a0well observed which lead to obtaining a wide linear range (LR) with a low detection limit (DL).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>EXPERIMENTAL Chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>BPA,\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0methacrylic\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0acid,\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0GO,\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ferrous\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0chloride tetrahydrate,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ferric\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0chloride\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hexahydrate,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sodium hydroxide,\u00a0 \u00a0oleic\u00a0 \u00a0acid,\u00a0 \u00a0ethylene\u00a0 \u00a0glycol\u00a0 \u00a0dimethacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone,\u00a0 \u00a0azobisisobutyronitrile,\u00a0 \u00a0zinc \u00a0acetate dihydrate, graphite, paraffin oil, sodium borohydride, were provided\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0from\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Sigma-Aldrich\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0and\u00a0 \u00a0Merck\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Company (Darmstadt, Germany). All the solutions and materials used were of analytical grade. Deionized distilled water (DDW) was \u00a0used \u00a0for \u00a0the \u00a0preparation \u00a0of\u00a0 solutions. \u00a0The \u00a0Britton- Robinson \u00a0buffer \u00a0solution \u00a0(B-R) \u00a0applied \u00a0to adjust \u00a0the \u00a0pH value and as a supporting electrolyte.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Apparatus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Electrochemical\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0experiments\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0were\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0performed\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0at ambient\u00a0 \u00a0temperature\u00a0 \u00a0(about \u00a025 \u00a0\u00b0C) \u00a0using\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0 \u00a0Behpajoh potentiostat\/galvanostat\u00a0 \u00a0system \u00a0(model \u00a0BHP-2065, \u00a0Iran). The\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0electrochemical\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0cell\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0was\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0congregated\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0with\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0a conventional \u00a0three-electrode \u00a0system by an Ag\/AgCl\u00a0 (Azar electrode, \u00a0Iran), \u00a0platinum \u00a0wire \u00a0and \u00a0unmodified\/modified carbon\u00a0 paste \u00a0electrodes \u00a0(CPE) \u00a0as the reference \u00a0electrode, auxiliary \u00a0electrode \u00a0and \u00a0working \u00a0electrodes, \u00a0respectively. The pH value measurements \u00a0were done by a Metrohm pH meter \u00a0(model \u00a0713, \u00a0Herisau, \u00a0Switzerland). \u00a0The \u00a0structure and \u00a0morphology of the synthesized nanomaterials were investigated by scanning electron microscope \u00a0(SEM) SEM-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>EDX, Philips, XL30 (Netherland), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) 38066 Riva, d\/G. <em>Via <\/em>M. Misone, 11\/D (TN) Italy and\u00a0 \u00a0Fourier\u00a0 \u00a0transform\u00a0 \u00a0infrared\u00a0 \u00a0(FTIR) \u00a0Perkin\u00a0 \u00a0Elmer, spectrum 100 (USA).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Preparation of the Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Fe3O4\u00a0 \u00a0NPs. The coprecipitation \u00a0method \u00a0was used \u00a0for the \u00a0synthesis \u00a0of \u00a0Fe3O4NPs. \u00a0In \u00a0the \u00a0first \u00a0step, \u00a00.01 \u00a0and<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>0.02 mol ferrous \u00a0chloride \u00a0tetrahydrate \u00a0and \u00a0ferric \u00a0chloride<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>hexahydrate, respectively, were added to 100 ml DDW in a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>250 ml three-necked \u00a0flask. The N2 \u00a0was purged \u00a0while \u00a0the solution was stirred continuously, \u00a0and the temperature was increased \u00a0to \u00a080 \u00a0\u00b0C. \u00a0In \u00a0the \u00a0next \u00a0step,\u00a0 sodium \u00a0hydroxide solution (40 ml, 2 M) was added to the heated solution and mixed for 1 h. The synthesized magnetic precipitates were collected by the external magnetic \ufb01eld when the solution temperature \u00a0reached \u00a0about \u00a025 \u00a0\u00b0C. \u00a0Finally, \u00a0the \u00a0obtained Fe3O4 \u00a0NPs were washed by DDW five times and dried at<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>70 \u00b0C in the oven.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>ZnO \u00a0NPs. \u00a0In \u00a0order \u00a0to \u00a0synthesis \u00a0ZnO \u00a0NPs, \u00a01 \u00a0g \u00a0zinc acetate dihydrate was added to 250 ml \u00a0three-necked \u00a0flask containing 100 ml ethanol solution. The mixture was stirred for 20 min then 0.25 M of sodium hydroxide in ethanol was added \u00a0slowly until the \u00a0pH reached \u00a08.0. The mixture \u00a0was stirred for 4 h then filtered and washed by DDW five times and dried at 70 \u00b0C in the oven.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Reduced\u00a0 \u00a0graphene\u00a0 \u00a0oxide\u00a0 \u00a0(rGO).\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0 \u00a0rGO\u00a0 \u00a0was<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>synthesis \u00a0by \u00a0the \u00a0addition \u00a0of \u00a0sodium \u00a0borohydride\u00a0 \u00a0as\u00a0 \u00a0a chemical\u00a0 \u00a0reduction\u00a0 \u00a0reagent\u00a0 \u00a0to \u00a0purchased\u00a0 \u00a0GO.\u00a0 \u00a0Firstly,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>150 mg purchased GO was dispersed into 150 ml DDW and sonicated \u00a0for 20 min after that 2 ml sodium \u00a0borohydride was added to the mixture and the temperature increased to<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>100\u00a0 \u00a0\u00b0C \u00a0and\u00a0 \u00a0kept \u00a0for \u00a010 \u00a0h. \u00a0The \u00a0obtained\u00a0 \u00a0rGO\u00a0 \u00a0was centrifuged, washed by DDW five times and dried at 80 \u00b0C in the oven.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>rGO-Fe3O4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nanocomposite.\u00a0 \u00a0For\u00a0 \u00a0this\u00a0 \u00a0goal,\u00a0 \u00a00.1\u00a0 \u00a0g<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>synthesized \u00a0rGO \u00a0was \u00a0added \u00a0to \u00a050 \u00a0ml \u00a0of \u00a0DDW:ethanol (1:1 V\/V) and sonicated \u00a0for 25 min to obtain the uniform suspension. \u00a0After \u00a0that 0.4 g Fe3O4\u00a0\u00a0NPs was added to the suspension \u00a0and \u00a0mixed \u00a0for \u00a01 \u00a0h. \u00a0The \u00a0temperature \u00a0of \u00a0the solution was increased to 105 \u00b0C and kept for 24 h in order to do a hydrothermal reaction. The obtained<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-btn-wrapper align_justify\"><a class=\"w-btn us-btn-style_2 us_custom_061ea1cf has_text_color icon_atleft\" href=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/15-ConstructionofElectrochemicalSensorModi.pdf\"><i class=\"fas fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"w-btn-label\">Download The Article<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row us_custom_0d15be52 height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-text us_custom_d906ce5f has_text_color\"><span class=\"w-text-h\"><span class=\"w-text-value\">Other articles<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_medium with_line width_50 thick_1 style_solid color_border align_center\"><div 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width=\"490\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1.png 490w, https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1-300x163.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"w-vwrapper usg_vwrapper_2 align_none valign_top\"><div class=\"w-post-elm post_taxonomy usg_post_taxonomy_1 has_text_color style_simple color_link_inherit\"><a class=\"term-92 term-article\" href=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/category\/article\/\">articles<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"w-post-elm post_title usg_post_title_1 align_left entry-title color_link_inherit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/farapol.com\/en\/article2\/\">Simultaneous  electrochemical  detection of antioxidants Hydroquinone, Mono-Tert-butyl hydroquinone and catechol in food and polymer samples using ZnO@MnO2-rGO nanocomposite as sensing 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